Is Fashion Art (Information and Interpretation) - 1651 Words

Is Fashion Art? Everybody questions art. You would think art is merely created for admiration, but its not. The average person would describe art as a drawing on a piece of paper, and this quote by Clement Greenberg (1909-1991) suggests why: The task of self-criticism became to eliminate from the effects of each art, any and every effect that might conceivably be borrowed from or by the medium of any other art. Thereby, each art would be rendered ‘pureÂ… Painting is not sculpture Ââ€" it is two-dimensional; Painting is not photography Ââ€" it should not reproduce appearance; Painting is not literature Ââ€" it should not tell stories; Painting is not music Ââ€" it is silent. But if we did believe that art was purely a drawing created by the†¦show more content†¦But then again, is that Monet poster on your wall not art? It may be a reproduction of the painting, but it is still art, isnt it? And what about your Topshop dress. Is that art? Well, perhaps a reproduction of it. After all, clothes are designed, created, and displayed on the catwalk in a series of stages comparable to that of the production of a work of art. What about Tracy Emins ‘My Bed, is it art? Is Marcel Duchamps Fountain (a urinal which he signed with a pseudonym) art? Well if you disagree then you may have to reconsider your decision as it was voted the most influential 20th century artwork in 2004. These works are both acclaimed and slated, and yet there is probably less actual artistic work in them than in a Stella McCartney outfit. Perhaps fashion is just craftsmanship? But then, surely so is painting, sculpture and architecture, requiring specific skills to produce, and yet few people would argue that they do not constitute an artistic endeavour. Fortunys tiny pleats of the 1920s (practically unwearable but certainly beautiful) were like Grecian sculptures: detailed, handmade pieces that represented a lifes work. In the 1970s, Jean Muirs flowing silk jersey dresses gave women the chance to look like Pre-Raphaelite heroines. The eclecticism of Bibas lifestyle/fashion emporium gave the women of the 60s and 70s theShow MoreRelatedThe Main Problems Facing Art Students Through Feedback Obtained Through Questionnaires, Interviews And Sales Data1282 Words   |  6 Pagesalso will assess the reliability of the study and summarise its limits. 3.1 Research Purpose The purpose of this research is to analyse and assess the main problems facing art students’ through feedback obtained through questionnaires, interviews and sales data. The issue is concerned mainly with the difficulties that art students might encountered in the entrepreneurial process. Therefore, the actual survey and data of this research will help to analyse student’s behaviour and thoughts, identityRead More Analysis Of Writers Paulo Frei Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesPerspectives in the Arts nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The stories behind a piece of art are infinite. The reasons the artist produced the piece is only one explanation behind the work. Even so, who is to know the specific thoughts the artist was thinking at the time? As each art critic may conclude his own analysis of an artwork, who is right and who is wrong? Just as students challenge the information that is supposedly â€Å"deposited† in them by the teacher in the classroom setting, art challenges theRead MoreKarl Marx, Commodity Fetishism, An Objective, Valuable For People Things1164 Words   |  5 Pages80 kilos. Nowadays everything is judged by the availability of some stuff (mobile phones, lap-tops made by Apple, not by Samsung)irrespective of the real necessity. Modern fashion isn’t well-founded by anything. Our advanced comfort zone allows everything to be done with us. But fashion never creates people, people create fashion and then are built to it. We are living in the frames producer-consumer: commodity fetishism was born by material relationships. It is the second birth of the primitive religionRead MoreI Am A Designer At Heart. I Started As A Graphic Designer1332 Words   |  6 Pagesway of thinking and improving, of learning how to create for ourselves and make our own mistakes. Design takes all the thoughts floating inside my head and makes visual sense of them. Design functions as an ongoing, evolving conversation between art and technology. Graphic design principles of color theory, layout, and composition linger in the back of my mind when I glance at packaging on a grocery store shelf or flip through pages of a magazine. Similarly, beauty is there as long as I look forRead MoreEssay on Music in Education702 Words   |  3 Pagesschools attempting to eliminate teaching musical arts to our children. The board of education claims they must provide education by concentrating on the basic academic courses, but what they dont realize is that music is a major part of basic education. We must not allow them to pull the teaching of music out of our school curriculums because music is an essential form of communication. Our children do not have to be fluent in the arts to receive the value of broad exposure to the differentRead MorePrincess Victoria And Prince Albert With Five Of Their Children1502 Words   |  7 PagesVictoria. According to John Berger, author of â€Å"Ways of Seeing†, we would interpret the objects or image we see through the knowledge and the beliefs that we understand. This explains that my interpretation may be different from others as they know other information that I may not know, which can change the interpretation of the painting. Others may say Queen Victoria was quite close to her children and may have possibly been a controlling parent. However, it is not fully known if she was close to her childrenRead MoreJohn Berger and History1537 Words   |  7 Pagesall power, authority, and meaning that was once held by an original work of art has been lost through the mass reproduction of these works that has occurred in recent years. He writes of an entirely bogus religios ity (116-117) that surrounds these art objects and that the meaning of the original work no longer lies in what it uniquely says but in what it uniquely is (117). He claims that because of reproduction, the art of the past no longer exists as it once did (127). Obviously, something createdRead More The Artists Tina Barney and Elliott Erwitt1133 Words   |  5 Pagestheir art is simple and meaningful but, meaning is what an observer makes of it. What does this indicate one might ask? It means that although they both have very distinct ways of taking a photograph their common goal is to evoke emotion in their observers. Elliott Erwitt put it in the simplest terms when he said, â€Å"I think you should just look at the stuff and if it enriches you in some way or knocks you out, that’s all you need† (Danziger 89). The most effective source of information thatRead MoreExplain the Purpose of Hermeneutics1564 Words   |  7 Pagesof Hermeneutics is to bridge the gap between our minds and the minds of the Biblical writers through a thorough knowledge of the original languages, ancient history and the comparison of Scripture with Scripture. Through Hermeneutics, Biblical Interpretation can be achieved in three ways; historically, the message and the doctrine. The Bible is totally authoritive and inspired by God, however is it propositional or not? To be propositional means that God reveals certain truths at which we respondRead MoreThe Main Contribution Of Growth1157 Words   |  5 Pages What is art? What does it mean to be a part of the art? Every September Grand Rapids hosts Art Prize which is the largest art competition in the world. What does that mean? The city turns into a rainbow of color, and a sea of people. Artists, spectators, and critics alike gather to embrace the two week experience. Art Prize was launched by Rick Davos, to ignite conversation in Grand Rapids. A conservative Christian city dominated by Republic views, private art, subversive racism, and homelessness

Focus on Siemens AG Company Free Essays

string(95) " books so that it could make more nefarious payments \(Balzli, Deckstein Schmitt 2007\)\." There is a state of ambivalence over bribery in organizations. Some people regard bribery as a type of pecuniary corruption since it involves the transfer of money or any form of gift aimed at altering the behaviour of the recipient (Dowling 2008). In deed the Black’s law Dictionary defines bribery as a form of crime that involves giving, offering, soliciting for or receiving any item that has value in order to manipulate the actions of a person or official performing a certain duty (Dowling 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Focus on Siemens AG Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this case, what makes bribery bad is the fact that the person receiving the bribe may act in a manner that would be detrimental to other operations in an organizations or related organizations. Such operations may include substandard services in which the bribery is used to protect the parties involved (Dowling 2008). On the other hand, some people view bribery as an act that is part of development ambitions in organizations. For instance, Lemieux (2005) argues that many countries whose underground economies have grown could not be where they are today were it not for bribery. And this seems to be the secret behind many organizations such as Siemens AG, which have to deal with authorities in terms of taxation and other legal requirements. Along this line, Lemieux (2005) opines that it is often not possible, or it is very costly, for a company or an individual to escape the restrictions and other prohibitions that are prerequisites to operation of business. Lemieux (2005) also notes that bribery in organizations is a phenomenon that cannot be easily gotten rid of because it is perfectly impossible to enforce the measures required to maintain a bribery-free business environment. Instead, the stricter measures to stop bribery in many organizations only serve to amplify the phenomenon (Lemieux 2005). Cash bribes are often used as donations to many political parties, and non-cash bribes may also be used to seek support in certain business ventures. Thus, according to Lemieux (2005), there is a common dictum among organizations: bribe them (the authorities) if you want to do peaceful business. Siemens AG was a company of high repute as the largest engineering firm in Europe, but its image was clouded when it ventured into bribery in order to expand its operations (OECD 2005). As discussed in this paper, Siemens AG was involved in massive bribery deals both locally and internationally in a bid to maintain a good image of the corporation as a global leader in engineering (Economist. com). But as further discussed, bribery is not only expensive but also a phenomenon that can tarnish the name of a company given the fines that Siemens AG had to pay and the numerous apologies it had to make ( Economist. com). The company also had to suspend many of its staff who were allegedly involve in the bribery claims, thus slowing down its vigour in the market (Economist. com). This makes bribery a topic that is amenable to further discussion as to whether it is a mechanism to advance the operations of a business or it is a vice that should be abhorred by organizations if they want to be successful. The Siemens AG Bribery Scandals Siemens AG’s slogan â€Å"Be Inspired† of the mid-1990s was perhaps of the most inspiring slogans to have been used by leading organizations in the world (Economist. com). However, the inspiration later turned out to involve murky deals aimed at promoting the company globally. So did the managers of the company lack the inspiration to build the company or they were just inspired to build it using alternative means? Siemens AG’s managers were involved in mischievous ways of funnelling huge sums of money to corrupt leaders of many authorities and politician the world over (OECD 2005). The methods used in the bribery cases were just astounding. According to Economist. com, the company bribed its subjects with a lot of trust and candour that no one could figure out the vice in many business transactions. To facilitate the bribery operations, the company set up three â€Å"cash desks† in its offices from which the bribery operations were performed (OECD 2005). Company employees would bring empty suitcases to the desks, which would be filled with cash in a manner that could raise no suspicion. As a result of such deals, as much as â‚ ¬1 million or $1. 4 million was withdrawn at different times to facilitate securing of contracts for Siemens AG’s telecoms equipment division (OECD 2005). The cash desks for bribery deals operated on honour mechanisms and not many questions were asked about the operations, nor was proof documentation required (Economist. com). In addition, managers who made application for money from the company were allowed to approve their requests without following due procedures (Economist. com). In fact, by the year 1999 Siemens AG was openly claiming tax deductions to cater for bribes, and the dealings were recorded in accounts books as useful expenditure (Economist. com). In the context of the bribery deals, it is worthwhile to note that Siemens AG considered bribery as a business venture aimed at widening its scope of operations. As a matter of fact, Siemens AG spent about $67 million in â€Å"suitcases† between 2001 and 2004 (OECD 2005). Nevertheless, according to OECD (2005), the people involved in the bribery transactions felt confident about what they were doing and knew that there was nothing wrong. The point here is that bribery was considered as a normal activity that required no questioning. The seemingly conducive culture of bribery continued with illicit payments even after Germany had banned bribing of foreign officials in the year 1999 (Balzli, Deckstein Schmitt 2007). Thus, when Siemens AG listed its shares on United States’ New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 2001 and it was subjected to stringent American anti-bribery measures, the managers desisted from counting cash in office (Balzli, Deckstein Schmitt 2007). Instead, they turned to the use of cash cheques to perform the same operations. The cheques were deposited in various accounts but the company did not keep records in its own books so that it could make more nefarious payments (Balzli, Deckstein Schmitt 2007). You read "Focus on Siemens AG Company" in category "Papers" In order to disguise the underhand operations, Siemens AG managers outsourced most of its accounts works to â€Å"business consultants† so that no it would not be culpable in any secret operation would be unearthed (Economist. com). In bid to cover their operations further, the managers of the company used more eccentric mean to avoid being found (Balzli, Deckstein Schmitt 2007). When they authorised the bribery payments, they used removable sticky notes, which would be easily destroyed to conceal all evidence of any transaction (Fernando Bellamkonda 2007). The sums of money transferred by the managers of Siemens AG were staggering. According to Balzli, Deckstein and Schmitt (2007), a total of $805 million was handed over by the company to foreign officials in bribes. The money handed out was aimed at ensuring that Siemens won as many contracts as it could in many foreign markets (Economist. com). In other instances, the bribes were meant to woo labour representatives in supervisory areas to support Siemens AG policies when they would obviously need to rejected (Fernando Bellamkonda 2007). Along this line, Fernando and Bellamkonda (2007) note that the German government’s stance on bribery was perhaps a contributing factor in Siemens AG’s underhand operations. This is because many companies understood that the German law and even the law in many other OECD countries permitted bribery and even offered subsidies to companies in order to enhance their operations in spite of the huge sums of money given out in form of bribes. Implications of the bribery cases When the Siemens AG bribe scandals were unearthed between 2006 and 2007, it was dubbed the â€Å"$2 billion bribes-for-business scandal† (Bushan 2008). When the details of scandal spilled out, German authorities raised siemens AG’ s offices in Germany an further investigations were initiated in countries such as the United States, Italy, Greece, and Switzerland where the company hand major investments (Bushan 2008). What followed were court suits, apologies, and a general decline in the company’s performance. The first reaction by the company managers was a fallout in which the CEO, Heinrich von Pierer and head of the company’s supervisory board, known as Klaus Kleinfeld, resigned in spite of the fact that they were not directly implicated (Bushan 2008). On December 15 2008, Siemens AG agreed with its host country Germany and the United States to pay them $1. 34 billion in response to bribe charges (Dowling et al 2008). This ended a two-year inquiry that had been made by the German Government to Siemens AG officials all over the world. In the agreement, Siemens AG paid â‚ ¬395 million to settle to the German Government’s inquiry expenses and a further $800 million as the charges raised by the United States Security Exchange Commission (Dowling et al 2008). In addition, Siemens AG pleaded guilty to flouting the United States anti-bribery laws, which resulted into a penalty of a further $1. 36 billion (Dowling et al 2008). In an attempt to recover the massive losses, Siemens AG sued eleven of its former board executives led by Heinrich von Pierer and Klaus Kleinfeld (Dowling et al 2008). The new management of Siemens said that the action was meant to seek compensation from the former managers for damages that the company incurred as a result of their wanton actions (Dowling et al 2008). Some of the damages that were inflicted on Siemens and which the company would take time to recover from included a fall in the company’s share price by 23 cent to â‚ ¬47. 15 on the Frankfurt stock market. In addition, Siemens’s stock in the market plummeted by 56 per cent in 2008 (Dowling et al 2008). What the Bribery Scandal in Siemens AG means about Bribery in Organizations Given that the law in Germany and other OECD countries was somehow supportive of bribery, the efforts by the German Government to investigate the bribery claims can be considered to have been aimed at dignifying international laws on trade and laws against bribery (Dowling et al 2008). This is particularly true since other countries such as the United States, Greece, Italy and Switzerland were involved. According to Lemieux (2005), countries usually support corporations that have significant influence on the magnitude of their gross national product, as was the case of Siemens in Germany. Here, the fact that the German government provided subsidies to Siemens AG to facilitate its bribery payments cannot be gainsaid and is a clear pointer that even the though the government reacted, its officials had been well aware of the underhand operations. The Siemens AG bribery case also points out the weaknesses in governments when it comes to dealing with giant corporations. It is particularly worthy noting that Europe is still miles behind the United States when dealing with corruption cases particularly bribery (Georgiev 2008). According to a further analysis in Economist. com, Siemens invited group of lawyers from a United States firm called Debevoise Plimpton to represent it with the hope that doing so would make it win sympathisers and have its name cleared from the bribery scandal. Nevertheless, this move made things even worse as the lawyers carried out a private investigation that cost the company a further â‚ ¬204 million. Thus, according to Economist. com, an investigation by German investigators would not have unravelled as much. Although Siemens AG paid many fines, the amount of money cannot equal the damage it did to markets both locally and at the international level. Considering the fact that Siemens AG was used to paying bribes, the fines were just meant to polish the name of the company. Nevertheless, other companies lost several contracts due to Siemens AG’s bribery (Balzli, Deckstein Schmitt 2007). This perhaps is the worst effect of the bribery claims as companies that seemingly would have been more competent than Siemens AG were denied the chance to compete for tenders due to the bribe mask. This shows how unpopular companies are treated unfairly at the expense of pleasing giant companies, which have the ability to finance illegal operations. Siemens AG was able to influence market policies through bribery and this therefore leaves a question of whether the giant organizations of the world actually reach the top through excellent performance or through underhand deals as portrayed by firm. According to Economist. com, the confession by Siemens AG of involvement in bribery was triggered not by the fact that bribery is a vice in the organizational environment. Rather, it was due to the realization that the company was bound to lose a major market in the United States- which was firmly against the deals, as well as other markets in Greece, Italy, and Switzerland. A question that arises therefore is what would have happened had the bribery scandal not been raised in the public limelight. Would Siemens AG have been praised as a company that has roots all over the world and experiencing rapid growth to necessitate government subsidies, or would it have been criticised to have grown based on underhand operations? Probably the answer lies in viewing bribery a vice and not an incentive within organizations, and realizing that fair competition should not involve bribery. Conclusion Bribery in organizations is viewed with different standpoints depending on the effect it has on the respective organizations. For large organizations such as Siemens AG, bribery is seen as a mechanism to augment expansion since restrictions such as laws are avoided. Nevertheless, the adverse effects of bribery include massive fines against the organizations involved and a significant corporate damage as was realized in the case of Siemens AG. References Balzli, B, Deckstein, D Schmitt J 2007, New Report Details Far-Reaching Corruption, Spiegel Online International, Available from http://www. spiegel. de/international/0,1518,462954,00. html (16 March 2009) Bhushan, A 2008, Bribes-for-Business: Siemens AG Sues 11 former management board executives, CEOWORLD Magazine, Available from http://ceoworld. biz/ceo/2008/07/31/bribes-for-business-siemens-ag-sues-11-former-management-board-executives/ (16 March 2009) Dowling, P; Welch, D E ; Festing, M Engle A D 2008, International human resource management: managing people in a multinational context, Cengage Learning EMEA, New York Economist. com, 17 Dec 2008, The stench of bribery at Siemens signals a wider rot in Europe, Available from http://www. economist. com/business/displaystory. cfm? story_id=12800474 (16 March 2009) Fernando, R Bellamkonda, B 2007, The Bribery Scandal at Siemens AG, Available from http://www. caseplace. org/d. asp? d=375 (16 March 2009) Georgiev, P K 2008, Corruptive patterns of patronage in SE Europe, VS Verlag, London Lemieux, P 2006, In defense of bribery, Available from http://mises. org/story/1884 (16 March 2009) OECD 2005, Fighting corruption and promoting integrity in public procurement, OECD Publishing, London How to cite Focus on Siemens AG Company, Papers

Ethics Of Plagiarism And Mills In The Digital Age †Free Samples

Question: What Are The Ethics Of Plagiarism And Essay Mills In The Digital Age? Answer: Introduction Plagiarism comes from the Latin word Plagio which translate to steal. It is significant to formulate on the definition of the plagiarism from the verb plagiarize (Amos, 2014). This describes stealing or even borrowing another person ideas, works along with ideas. In this kind of a way, plagiarism is duplicating on someone else and even switching it as their very own. Plagiarism is the intentional activity, it is also cheating (Amos, 2014). Individuals generally believe that the intellectual property rights for their acknowledgment in our world. This really is the simplest way for the realization. The aspect of the academic cheating has become much easier in this digital age. The students nowadays copies information electronically from the internet and they are able to insert it to their assignments as if it is their own (Drinan, 2016). Moreover, they are even able to access papers from the internet paper mills. There are papers from any level which could be downloaded in seconds. The center for the Academic Integrity collaborated on the increase of the plagiarism among the students (Drinan, 2016). With regards to the digital age declare that although that the cheating is not the plagiarism, the use of the internet has increased the rate of plagiarism. Individuals could meet plagiarism in many of the spheres. The academic fraud has not just emerged as an issue in this digital age. The concept of the essay mills as well as the ghostwriters has been around since the 19th century (Ananou, 2014). The student organization for example the fraternities which are stored academic work in the file banks and they passed old term from the student to the student (Ananou, 2014). Such recycling concept inspired the commercial market, which was beginning of this ghostwriting industry as well as the commercial mills. In this essay, it will examine on the ethics of plagiarism and the essay mills in the digital Age. Ethics of the plagiarism Plagiarism in its basic terms is the act of copying other individuals work and passing them of as their own work. This usually violates on the authors right to the ownership of the work that is the fundamental moral right (Drinan, 2016). When it comes to academic circle plagiarism has been regarded to be unethical behavior and any perpetrator should be subject to the sanctions, which include the expulsion from the institution they are study. When it comes to the publishing industry, plagiarism is not necessarily a crime. Nonetheless , it really is a serious unethical practice whenever sections of another work of an writer are included in numerous work with absolutely no indication at all of their source , or even when the plagiarized wording has not been put between the quotations marks , or maybe the prevalence of the words have not been cited (Elliott and Spence, 2017). Because of the computers along with internet , it has turns into less difficult presently to appropriate the passages from the work of the other authors, in all the disciplines such as science, journalism and the writing of the projects as well as the work which are undertaken by the students. The detection of the plagiarism when it comes to the academic works that have been sent particularly to the publication is vital activity when it comes to the editorial process. The use of the computers, and the internet has made it possible to have the tools at ones disposal in order to detect on the plagiarism (Elliott and Spence, 2017). The ethics of plagiarism is merely the ethics of stealing, when someone steals another person work and pass as their own that stealing, which is very unethical and also illegal. In the legal terms, plagiarism is regarded as the literary theft. In case a person knowingly use another individuals work without giving them credit, then they are committing plagiarism. Moreover, plagiarism also it extends to the ideas of the products, especially when someone take another person idea or even product and pass it as their own work. When one is accused of plagiarism, they are accused of stealing since they are committing an act of the fraud. One is not only stealing the work, product or even the original ideas of another person, but they are lying about undertaking it afterwards (Baydik and Gasparyan, 2016). Therefore, ethics of plagiarism is merely of stealing. It can become hard especially to the student who have grown up in an online copy and paste culture to seeing plagiarism as an ethical issue. Somewhat surprisingly to many struggling students who usually plagiarize, they may be student who are under the pressure of achieving success and who may likely engage in the subtler forms of plagiarism. according to researcher, they have identified three situation to which this could most likely occur; one is when the student are under pressure such as when the work is under tight deadline or work which is important for their grades (Exposito and Matteson, 2015). Another way would be when the students are not interested in the work and when the learners they feel that the assignment is unfair to the extent they have no hope of success without cheating. According to the study done in 2009 it has found out that a wide range to how serious teens identified numerous type of cheating: whilst two third of the teens regarded the whole copying of the assignment to be completely wrong, just like half felt the same in regards to plagiarizing part of the assignments, and a third felt it was completely wrong to copy homework questions directly from internet (Vie, 2013). When not seeing some kind of plagiarism as being dishonest, some of the learners may be genuinely confused. An example, even though most could agree that blatantly copying and also pasting whole of the assignment is cheating, they may not realize that the aspect of paraphrasing material as well as stitching it together to look precisely original is also regarded as the plagiarism. This could be in part since the learners have grown up in copy and paste culture where collaboration as well as sharing is the norm and most of their sources of the data, for instance, Wikipedia they are seen as not having the authors (Exposito and Matteson, 2015). Nonetheless, some of the researchers have also argued that the young students have an entirely different attitude when it comes to the authorship as well as the ownership than the previous generations did (Balbuena and Lamela, 2015). Moreover, others have also felt that the issue is more that the students are not being taught to respect the academic honesty or even the technical skills which are necessary when it comes to synthesizing and citing properly the sources. How can word be stolen? People should not believe the myths, the words could be stolen. The US law highlights that the original ideas, which includes the stories, phrases as well as other groups of words could be protected under the US copyright laws (Amos, 2014). This therefore means that in case one steals another person idea along with original content, they have violated on the intellectual property law and that is a crime. In case an individual protect on their literary work, they have the physical proof that they have committed plagiarism and this could cause them severe consequences. The aftermath Once a student has been accused of committing of the plagiarism, the crime need to be proven. The type of the plagiarism in which one will commit would determine on the consequences to which one should deal with. For example, in case one plagiarizes a paper in school, the consequences are not very severe as those which are associated with the stealing another person book or even copyrighted materials (Roberts, 2007). Nonetheless, just because individuals are not taken away to the jail for stealing the work of the other students in school, does not mean that there are not serious consequences from the educational institution (Baydik and Gasparyan, 2016). In case a student plagiarize on their school work, their reputation will be tarnished and they could be even be kicked out of the institution they attend (Walchuk, 2016). When a learner is caught plagiarizing at any educational level they get listed on the academic record which is listed as the ethics offense. When one has ethics offe nse on their record this could prevent them from being accepted into another institution (Tong, 2017). On the part of the professionals who are convicted of violating on the copyright laws they might face monetary repercussions and their reputation totally destroyed. Any author has the right to sue another professional for stealing part of their work. Plagiarism is not only a serious ethical issue, but also it has become a severe legal repercussion. Institutional action The implementation of the programs as well as policies of promoting academic integrity for example the honor codes, they have been proven to positively impact on the behavior of the students (Skaar and Hammer, 2013). Based on the McCabe and Trevino, the honor code could be quite very successful; nonetheless, an effective honor code should be implemented well and strongly embedded in the culture of the students, which means that just a mere code is not enough to be able to prevent cheating. Many of the stakeholders usually are convinced that concept of plagiarism is a serious academic problem especially to the institution which demonstrate that they are handling it (Adam, 2016). Some of the institution have the pro-active anti-plagiarism policy, while some they have a reactive policy and other still claim, but they cannot prove, that none of their learners cheat. To cheat or not to cheat: why some of the student plagiarize The aspect of plagiarism is not a new phenomenon. Copying from the other writers is probably as old as writing itself begun, but not until the advent of the mass-produced writing, it has remained hidden from the gaze of the public (Baydik and Gasparyan, 2016). Among the most popular forms of the plagiarism by the learners, there are: stealing of the material from another source then transferring it of as their own work; submitting a paper that has already been compiled by somebody else ; duplicating on the parts of the materials from one or maybe more source texts and then providing appropriate documentation but at the same time leaving out the quotation marks, therefore giving the impression that the materials that has been paraphrased rather than the directly quotes (Hansen and Anderson, 2014). There are few reasons as to why the student could cheat; one of the reason is that of pressure to get high grades, there is the aspect of the parental pressure, pressure to get a job, the desire to excel, there is lack of the responsibility, there is lack of the personal integrity and the perception of the behavior of the peers (Farooq and Haroon, 2016). Thus, the students may cheat since they do not want to be at the disadvantage as comparison to their peers. The studies have shown that men tend to cheat more as compared to the women, as well as young student cheat more than the mature students. Moreover, when the learners know what they are risking when they get caught cheating, they tend to cheat less. Essay mills in the Digital Age The academic plagiarism in this digital age is not just the mediocre cut and paste mission or perhaps the student cribbing large chunks of the project from a colleague prior essay on the similar subject (Spence and Elliott, 2017). These days the student may check out any given paper or essay mills, which are easily located in the internet and purchase a completed assignment to present it as their very own. The paper mills are not going away soon anytime and they cannot be easily policed or even shut down by the legislation (Ercegovac and Richardson, 2004). These website usually provide services that at an alarming number of the students who are much happy in using them. When managing this kind of the academic deceit it may require hard work from the establishment of the academia as well as renewed commitment to the integrity from the institution communities. The essay writing services has been all over the internet. Just through a mere quick Google search it can turn up hundreds of thousands of academic writing services on the web, from the major organization to part time independent freelancers (Richards, 2015). These services are not without controversy (Richards, 2015). The essay mills websites more often bring in the aspect of plagiarism concerns as well as ethical questions, particularly for the academic essay writing. Many of the higher learning institutions usually have honor codes which prohibit the students from purchasing essays, since they argue that it is ethically wrong for one to submit another person work to be graded, whether or not it has been plagiarized or paid for Kong, Goh, Gussen and Turner, 2016). Nonetheless, when it comes to the professional world, it has become common for the busy executive to hiring of the ghost writers to author the experts articles or even the thought leadership papers. Essay mills companies: an insider perspective The essay mills have been thriving all throughout the 60s and even 70s. increasingly political as well as community involvement caused the learners to focus more on the social activities which was outside the classroom work rather than spending on their time doing the academic work (Ercegovac and Richardson, 2004). Moreover, the essay mill businesses they have used more and more money in order to advertise their services, which lures the students to purchasing on their academic degreed rather than actual earning it themselves. During that time, there were no plagiarism checkers that existed and most of this work was mainly recycled. One of the misconception in the essay mills business is that only the foreign students uses the essay writing services since they struggle to write effective English (Quinn, 2014). It is very true that the foreign students may have troubles when it comes to academic language, but almost every individual who has been part of the educational system needs some professionals writing help at one point or another (Ercegovac and Richardson, 2004). It is evident that no matter how one is committed or even talented as a student, it is impossible for them to meet all the requirements of the coursework, and the task of writing is only one which they could delegate. Are the essay mills legal? The essay mills are legal. The argument on this aspect is that the essay mills only sell essays with the intention to inspire the students as well as teach them how an ideal essay should look like. Most of the essay mills usually explicitly advise the learners not to submit the original essay rather use it as an example to draft on their own. Moreover, there is no legal consequences if a student does submit (Rai, Singh and Bakshi, 2016). After all, the customer could decide to do with what they have purchased. Even though there is a given legality on the essay mills, purchasing the essays and submitting them as own work is highly unethical and unaccepted. It could damage on the academic integrity, degree as well as individual critical thinking along with the writing skills (Rogerson and McCarthy, 2017). In case every individual stopped earning their degree, then the world would enter a fraud and skill less workforce since many would only need to purchase the essays and submit as thei r own. According to the Staffordshire University, Thomas Lancaster, told once the British newspaper The Guardian that it is not illegal for the website to provide write model essay, and it is not illegal for one to purchase an essay, but in case, they buy the essay and hand in and get a degree they do not deserve and use that same degree to get a job, then that becomes a fraudulent transaction. In this digital age it is very difficult to detect whether an essay was bought or self-written. In case an essay mills happens to sell the essay to multiple student, who then submit the essay, the plagiarism in this case will be able to find the duplicates (Pecorari, 2014). Moreover, the judgment of the over the authenticity of the essay of the student remains with the tutors and faculty. Plagiarism and cheating: stopping on this epidemic In this digital age plagiarism has become a serious transgression at every level of education which may even result in the expulsion of the student in case they are caught (Baydik and Gasparyan, 2016). The University professor have been able to know how to regularly run essays through plagiarism software such as CopyScape services. Back in the year 2008, the USA news as well as the world report highlighted that there have been a rise in the text-matching software to be able to catch the content which has been plagiarized. The percentage of the students who admitted to have cheated topped more than fifty percent in 2002 (Baydik and Gasparyan, 2016). There are software companies such as Turntin.com and SafeAssign which are massively built databases to millions of the school papers, books as well as articles and webpages to be able to compare the students assignment against them. Some of the professors have also highlighted that using these software that catching plagiarism is as simple as when one Googles few phrases in the student papers which are unattributed. Conclusion Cheating in the learning institution always occurs, and as long as the student feel the pressure to produce in elite institution, while at the same time balancing the demand of the course work, jobs as well as burgeoning the social life it is very inevitable that some will succumb to the temptation of cheating (Offutt, 2014). Many of the students are able to plagiarize without being caught. Nonetheless, when someone steal another person work it is not a good idea and it is not ethical. The ethics of plagiarism is just the ethics of stealing. It is important to always cite on the sources and give proper credit to the original authors. If one has not created an idea, it is good to be honest. Paraphrasing is okay provided one does it correctly and cite the original author of the work (Offutt, 2014). On the other aspect paying for an essay from the essay mills may not be the same as copying exams answer of from another student paper, but it is certainly cheating when one submit the origi nal work as their own. Purchasing of the essays in my opinion I believe it is not wrong, if it will only be used as a guide when drafting ones final paper on a given assignment. The only issue is submitting that particular work as your own that become cheating and it is very unethical. References Adam, L., 2016. Student perspectives on plagiarism. Handbook of Academic Integrity, pp.519-535. Amos, K.A., 2014. The ethics of scholarly publishing: exploring differences in plagiarism and duplicate publication across nations. Journal of the Medical Library Association: JMLA, 102(2), p.87. Ananou, T.S., 2014. Academic honesty in the digital age (Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania). Balbuena, S.E. and Lamela, R.A., 2015. Prevalence, motives, and views of academic dishonesty in higher education. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(2), pp.69-75. Baydik, O.D. and Gasparyan, A.Y., 2016. How to act when research misconduct is not detected by software but revealed by the author of the plagiarized article. Journal of Korean medical science, 31(10), pp.1508-1510. Drinan, P., 2016. Getting Political: What Institutions and Governments Need to Do. Handbook of Academic Integrity, p.1075. Elliott, D. and Spence, E.H., 2017. Ethics for a digital era. John Wiley Sons. Ercegovac, Z. and Richardson, J.V., 2004. Academic dishonesty, plagiarism included, in the digital age: A literature review. College Research Libraries, 65(4), pp.301-318. Exposito, J.A. and Matteson, R., 2015. Academic Integrity: Corruption and the Demise of the Educational System. Farooq, U. and Haroon, M.Z., 2016. Plagiarism in scientific writing. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 26(4). Hansen, R.F. and Anderson, A., 2014. Law student plagiarism: contemporary challenges and responses. J. Legal Educ., 64, p.416. Kong, E., Goh, S.C.N., Gussen, B.F., Turner, J. and Abawi, L.A., 2016. Strategies on Addressing Contract Cheating: A Case Study from an Australian. Handbook of Research on Academic Misconduct in Higher Education, p.206. Offutt, J., 2014. Globalizationethics and plagiarism. Software Testing, Verification and Reliability, 24(3), pp.181-183. Pecorari, D. and Petri?, B., 2014. Plagiarism in second-language writing. Language Teaching, 47(3), pp.269-302. Quinn, M.J., 2014. Ethics for the information age. Pearson. Rai, P., Singh, A. and Bakshi, S.I., 2016. Plagiarism in Academia is Ignorance or Mensrea: A Contemplation. World Digital Libraries-An international journal, 9(1), pp.33-43. Richards, N., 2015. Intellectual privacy: Rethinking civil liberties in the digital age. Oxford University Press, USA. Roberts, T.S. ed., 2007. Student plagiarism in an online world: Problems and Solutions: Problems and Solutions. IGI Global. Rogerson, A.M. and McCarthy, G., 2017. Using Internet based paraphrasing tools: Original work, patchwriting or facilitated plagiarism?. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 13(1), p.2. Skaar, H. and Hammer, H., 2013. Why students plagiarise from the internet: The views and practices in three Norwegian upper secondary classrooms. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 9(2). Spence, E.H. and Elliott, D., 2017. Ethics for a Digital Era (Vol. 2357). John Wiley Sons. Tong, K.W., 2017. Internet Plagiarism at the Fingertips? Legal Warning to Professionals and Future Professionals. In New Ecology for EducationCommunication X Learning (pp. 277-294). Springer, Singapore. Vie, S., 2013. A pedagogy of resistance toward plagiarism detection technologies. Computers and Composition, 30(1), pp.3-15. Walchuk, K., 2016. An examination of the efficacy of the plagiarism detection software program Turnitin.